#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
 
struct B {
    int m = 0;
    void hello() const {
        std::cout << "Hello world, this is B!\n";
    }
};
struct D : B {
    void hello() const {
        std::cout << "Hello world, this is D!\n";
    }
};
 
enum class E { ONE = 1, TWO, THREE };
enum EU { ONE = 1, TWO, THREE };
 
int main()
{
    // 1: initializing conversion
    int n = static_cast<int>(3.14); 
    std::cout << "n = " << n << '\n';
    std::vector<int> v = static_cast<std::vector<int>>(10);
    std::cout << "v.size() = " << v.size() << '\n';
 
    // 2: static downcast
    D d;
    B& br = d; // upcast via implicit conversion
    br.hello();
    D& another_d = static_cast<D&>(br); // downcast
    another_d.hello();
 
    // 3: lvalue to xvalue
    std::vector<int> v2 = static_cast<std::vector<int>&&>(v);
    std::cout << "after move, v.size() = " << v.size() << '\n';
 
    // 4: discarded-value expression
    static_cast<void>(v2.size());
 
    // 5. inverse of implicit conversion
    void* nv = &n;
    int* ni = static_cast<int*>(nv);
    std::cout << "*ni = " << *ni << '\n';
 
    // 6. array-to-pointer followed by upcast
    D a[10];
    B* dp = static_cast<B*>(a);
 
    // 7. scoped enum to int or float
    E e = E::ONE;
    int one = static_cast<int>(e);
    std::cout << one << '\n';
 
    // 8. int to enum, enum to another enum
    E e2 = static_cast<E>(one);
    EU eu = static_cast<EU>(e2);
 
    // 9. pointer to member upcast
    int D::*pm = &D::m;
    std::cout << br.*static_cast<int B::*>(pm) << '\n';
 
    // 10. void* to any type
    void* voidp = &e;
    std::vector<int>* p = static_cast<std::vector<int>*>(voidp);
}

struct V {
    virtual void f() {};  // must be polymorphic to use runtime-checked dynamic_cast
};
struct A : virtual V {};
struct B : virtual V {
  B(V* v, A* a) {
    // casts during construction (see the call in the constructor of D below)
    dynamic_cast<B*>(v); // well-defined: v of type V*, V base of B, results in B*
    dynamic_cast<B*>(a); // undefined behavior: a has type A*, A not a base of B
  }
};
struct D : A, B {
    D() : B(static_cast<A*>(this), this) { }
};
 
struct Base {
    virtual ~Base() {}
};
 
struct Derived: Base {
    virtual void name() {}
};
 
int main()
{
    D d; // the most derived object
    A& a = d; // upcast, dynamic_cast may be used, but unnecessary
    D& new_d = dynamic_cast<D&>(a); // downcast
    B& new_b = dynamic_cast<B&>(a); // sidecast
 
 
    Base* b1 = new Base;
    if(Derived* d = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b1))
    {
        std::cout << "downcast from b1 to d successful\n";
        d->name(); // safe to call
    }
 
    Base* b2 = new Derived;
    if(Derived* d = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b2))
    {
        std::cout << "downcast from b2 to d successful\n";
        d->name(); // safe to call
    }
 
    delete b1;
    delete b2;
}

struct type {
    int i;
 
    type(): i(3) {}
 
    void f(int v) const {
        // this->i = v;                 // compile error: this is a pointer to const
        const_cast<type*>(this)->i = v; // OK as long as the type object isn't const
    }
};
 
int main() 
{
    int i = 3;                 // i is not declared const
    const int& rci = i; 
    const_cast<int&>(rci) = 4; // OK: modifies i
    std::cout << "i = " << i << '\n';
 
    type t; // if this was const type t, then t.f(4) would be undefined behavior
    t.f(4);
    std::cout << "type::i = " << t.i << '\n';
 
    const int j = 3; // j is declared const
    int* pj = const_cast<int*>(&j);
    // *pj = 4;      // undefined behavior
 
    void (type::* pmf)(int) const = &type::f; // pointer to member function
    // const_cast<void(type::*)(int)>(pmf);   // compile error: const_cast does
                                              // not work on function pointers
}

struct X {
    //implicit conversion
    operator int() const { return 7; }
 
    // explicit conversion
    explicit operator int*() const { return nullptr; }
 
//   Error: array operator not allowed in conversion-type-id
//   operator int(*)[3]() const { return nullptr; }
    using arr_t = int[3];
    operator arr_t*() const { return nullptr; } // OK if done through typedef
//  operator arr_t () const; // Error: conversion to array not allowed in any case
};
class A{
public:
   explicit A(int i){
            
   }
};
 
int main()
{
    X x;
 
    int n = static_cast<int>(x);   // OK: sets n to 7
    int m = x;                     // OK: sets m to 7
 
    int* p = static_cast<int*>(x);  // OK: sets p to null
//  int* q = x; // Error: no implicit conversion
 
    int (*pa)[3] = x;  // OK
    A a=(A)12;
}