DC to DC buck converter

by malabdalianalog circuits / circuit design

DC to DC buck converter

A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter which steps down voltage (while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) typically containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used for synchronous rectification) and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a converter’s output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter).

In this tutorial we will learn how to build and how a DC to DC buck converter works. The circuit is very basic using just one diode, an inductor and a capacitor. The switch will be a MOSFET transistor and to create the PWM signal we will use a 555 timer in the PWM configuration, boost adjustable controller or one Arduino NANO. But first let’s study a little bit of theory. We have the Buck converter circuit in the next figure where we can see the switch, inductor and capacitor and of course we add a load to the output.

2.0 Buck converter theory

Ok, so we have the next circuit. In order to study how it works, we will divide it in two stages. The ON and OFF stages. In the ON part, the switch is closed as we can see in the next figure where the diode is open becasue the cathode voltage is higher than the anode. When the switch is first closed (on-state), the current will begin to increase, and the inductor will produce an opposing voltage across its terminals in response to the changing current. This voltage drop counteracts the voltage of the source and therefore reduces the net voltage across the load. Over time, the rate of change of current decreases, and the voltage across the inductor also then decreases, increasing the voltage at the load. During this time, the inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. If the switch is opened while the current is still changing, then there will always be a voltage drop across the inductor, so the net voltage at the load will always be less than the input voltage source. When the switch is ON the inductor will charge up and the voltage on the inductor will be the difference between the output and the input. But we also know that the inductor voltage is the inductance L multiplied by the inductor current derivate. As we can see in the next figure we obtain the ON current through the inductor.

When the switch is opened again (off-state), the voltage source will be removed from the circuit, and the current will decrease. The decreasing current will produce a voltage drop across the inductor (opposite to the drop at on-state), and now the inductor becomes a Current Source. The stored energy in the inductor’s magnetic field supports the current flow through the load. This current, flowing while the input voltage source is disconnected, when concatenated with the current flowing during on-state, totals to current greater than the average input current (being zero during off-state). The “increase” in average current makes up for the reduction in voltage, and ideally preserves the power provided to the load. During the off-state, the inductor is discharging its stored energy into the rest of the circuit. If the switch is closed again before the inductor fully discharges (on-state), the voltage at the load will always be greater than zero.

In this case the voltage across the inductor is the output voltage. So once again using the next figure formulas we obtain the current of the OFF part.

Ok, now if we want to obtain the output depending on the input and the duty cycle of the PWM all we have to do is to make the sum of the On and Off current equal to 0. That means that the On current is equal to the Off current. So the will give us:

So we’ve obtain that the output is the input multiplied by the duty cycle. The duty cycle of the PWM can have values between 0 and 1. So te only posible output will be equal or lower than the input. That’s why this configuration is called step down converter.

3.0 Buck converter Arduino NANO

Sincerely, this circuit has no other sense but to learn. The Arduino NANO already has a 5V linear voltage regulator that will lower the efficiency of the circuit. So the main goal is to learn how the circuit, the feedback and the PWM signal work in order to achive the desired output.
See the full part list here: 

3.1 NO FeedBack

As you can see in the schematic above we have a potentiometer connected to the analog input A0. With this potentiometer we will choose the output value between 1 and 12 volts since the maximum input voltage in this case is 12V. With the Arduino’s ADC we will read a value between 0 and 1024, next, in the code we map that value from 1 to 244 which are the values used with the analogWrite function of the arduino. With this we will apply a PWM signal on pin D3 where 1 is the lowest duty cycle and 244 the maximum. Since the arduino digital value is 5V we add a small BJT driver using one S8050 NPN and two resitors of 10k and 1k. The output of this driver is connected to the gate of the IRF4905 P-MOSFET.

Connect everything as in the schematic above and upload the next code to your Arduino and start moving the potentiometer. Observe the otput on the oscilloscope.
Download the NO FEEDBACK code here: 

Ok so ,this circuit could increase and decrease the voltage and keep that value steady for the same LOAD, in this case a 100 ohm resistor, as we can see in the picture below. But if we change the output load the discharge time of the output will change as well since for lower loads there will be a higher amount of current passing. So if the discharging time is faster or slower the duty cycle should change as well. For that we should add a feedback system to our circuit that would sense the output voltage and correct the PWM duty in order to keep the same desired value.

3.2 FeedBack

Let’s add the feedback to our circuit. As you can see in the schematic below we have a potentiometer connected to the analog input A0 as before. With this potentiometer we will choose the desired output value between 1 and 12 volts since the maximum input voltage in this case is 12V. At the output of the circuit we have nowa voltage divider that will lower the voltage from 12V to under 5 volts because that’s the maximum input voltage of the Arduino ADCs. Check the formula below to understand how the voltage divider works. If you apply a higher voltage to the input than 12V you should change the values of R1 and R2 in order to always have a voltage below 5V for the ADC.


In the code we compare this two voltages and increase or decrease the PWM width in order to keep the output constant. Just copy and upload the next code to the Arduino for this example.
Connect everything as in the schematic above and upload the next code to your Arduino and start moving the potentiometer. Observe the otput on the oscilloscope.

int potentiometer = A0;
int feedback = A1;
int PWM = 3;
int pwm = 0;

void setup() {
  pinMode(potentiometer, INPUT);
  pinMode(feedback, INPUT);
  pinMode(PWM, OUTPUT);  
  TCCR2B = TCCR2B & B11111000 | B00000001;    // pin 3 and 11 PWM frequency of 31372.55 Hz
}

void loop() {  
  float voltage = analogRead(potentiometer);
  float output  = analogRead(feedback);

  if (voltage > output)
   {
    pwm = pwm-1;
    pwm = constrain(pwm, 1, 254);
   }

  if (voltage < output)
   {
    pwm = pwm+1;
    pwm = constrain(pwm, 1, 254);
   }

   analogWrite(PWM,pwm);
}

Buck converter LM2576T-ADJ circuit

With this component we have feedback and the output will stay the same using different loads. Just make the connections, add the input capacitor to have a steady input and you’re done.

The input could be in range of 5 to 55 volts. Don’t apply higher voltage or you could burn LM2576T-ADJ component. In this case we need no external switch since the LM2576T-ADJ already has it inside it. With the feedback pin connected to the output voltage divider, the LM2576T-ADJ will change the width of the pulse depending of the output in order to keep it constant. In this case use a Schottky Barrier Rectifier diode because it has a low forward voltage. This diode will live the current flow when the switch is open.

3.0 Buck converter circuit 555 timer

This 555 configuration will create a PWM signatl and apply that signal to the MOSFET gate. The circuit works ok but it has a big problem. The output will change if we change the output load because the circuit has no feedback. Ok so we will use the next schematic for our buck converter. To create the PWM signal we will use the 555 timer with the PWM configuration. With the P1 potentiometer we can change the duty cycle of the PWM signal, and at the same time the output value. For the MOSFET you could use the IRF4905 P channel mosfet. You could always try different inductance values for the inductor and see the results.

The input could be in range of 5 to 15 volts. Don’t apply higher voltage or you could burn the 555 timer. Connect the PWM (pin 3 of the 555 timer) to the MOSFET (switch) gate. Add an output load and test the circuit. You could obtain output valuew between 1V and 15V.

411 thoughts on “DC to DC buck converter”

  4. I’m really impressed with your writing skills and also with the
    layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself?
    Anyway keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare to see a
    great blog like this one today.

  5. Hi all, here every person is sharing these kinds of knowledge, so it’s nice to
    read this website, and I used to pay a quick visit this weblog every day.

  6. After checking out a number of the articles on your web site,
    I seriously appreciate your way of blogging. I book marked it
    to my bookmark website list and will be checking back soon. Take a look
    at my website as well and let me know your opinion.

  7. – Ответить, «колл» (call) – посчитать такое количество но, как установил совместник – стереть грань;

  8. Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my
    newest twitter updates. I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time
    and was hoping maybe you would have some experience with
    something like this. Please let me know if you run into anything.
    I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.

  11. It’s amazing to pay a visit this website and reading the views of all
    friends concerning this piece of writing, while I am also eager of
    getting familiarity.

  13. Hi would you mind letting me know which webhost you’re working with?
    I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different
    web browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot quicker then most.
    Can you suggest a good web hosting provider at a honest price?
    Kudos, I appreciate it!

  15. You really make it appear so easy together with your
    presentation however I in finding this matter to be actually one thing that I feel I’d never understand.
    It seems too complicated and extremely large for me.
    I am having a look ahead on your subsequent post,
    I’ll try to get the hold of it!

  16. Appreciating the time and effort you put into your site and in depth information you provide.
    It’s nice to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same
    out of date rehashed information. Fantastic read! I’ve
    bookmarked your site and I’m adding your RSS feeds to my Google account.

  17. We stumbled over here from a different web address and thought I might as well check things out.
    I like what I see so now i am following you. Look forward to looking
    into your web page repeatedly.

  18. naturally like your web site however you need to take a look at the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very bothersome to tell the truth on the other hand I will surely come again again.

  19. It’s remarkable to visit this website and reading the views of all colleagues
    on the topic of this paragraph, while I am also
    keen of getting experience.

  20. Thank you for any other excellent article. Where else may anybody get that type of info in such an ideal
    manner of writing? I have a presentation next week, and I’m at the search for such information.

  22. Please let me know if you’re looking for a article author for
    your blog. You have some really good articles and I feel I would be a good asset.
    If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d love to write some material for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine.
    Please send me an e-mail if interested. Kudos!

  24. Hola! I’ve been following your blog for a while now and finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout out from
    Porter Texas! Just wanted to mention keep up the fantastic
    job!

  27. Everything published made a great deal of sense. However, what
    about this? suppose you were to create a awesome headline?
    I mean, I don’t want to tell you how to run your blog, but
    suppose you added a headline that grabbed a person’s attention? I mean DC to
    DC buck converter – MAlabdali is kinda vanilla. You might peek at Yahoo’s front page and watch how they create article titles to grab people to click.
    You might try adding a video or a pic or two to
    grab people excited about everything’ve got to say.
    In my opinion, it could make your website a little bit more interesting.

  28. Hey there! I know this is somewhat off topic
    but I was wondering if you knew where I could find a captcha plugin for my comment form?

    I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having
    trouble finding one? Thanks a lot!

  29. Hey! Do you know if they make any plugins to safeguard against hackers?
    I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything
    I’ve worked hard on. Any suggestions?

  30. I believe what you said made a bunch of sense.

    But, what about this? what if you wrote a catchier post title?
    I mean, I don’t wish to tell you how to run your website,
    but what if you added a title that makes people desire more?
    I mean DC to DC buck converter – MAlabdali is kinda plain. You might glance at Yahoo’s front page and watch how
    they create article titles to get viewers to click.
    You might add a related video or a pic or two to grab
    readers excited about everything’ve written. In my opinion, it could bring your website a
    little livelier.

  32. Hiya very nice site!! Man .. Excellent .. Superb ..
    I’ll bookmark your blog and take the feeds additionally?
    I am glad to search out a lot of helpful info here in the submit, we want develop more strategies on this regard, thanks for sharing.

    . . . . .

  33. Hello there! This is my first comment here so I just wanted to give a quick
    shout out and say I genuinely enjoy reading through your articles.
    Can you suggest any other blogs/websites/forums that deal with the same topics?
    Thanks for your time!

  39. Hello! This is kind of off topic but I need some advice from an established blog.
    Is it very hard to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast.
    I’m thinking about setting up my own but I’m not
    sure where to start. Do you have any ideas or suggestions?
    Many thanks

  40. Hi! Someone in my Facebook group shared this site with us
    so I came to take a look. I’m definitely enjoying the information. I’m bookmarking and will be
    tweeting this to my followers! Fantastic blog and terrific design and style.

  47. Thanks , I have just been looking for information approximately this subject for ages and yours is the best I’ve
    discovered so far. But, what concerning the bottom
    line? Are you positive in regards to the source?

  50. Hi! І understand tһіs is kind օf off-topic hоwever I needed tߋ ask.
    Does managinbg a well-established blog ⅼike yours take
    a massive amount ѡork? Ι am compⅼetely new to operating a blog but I dο write in my diary evwry Ԁay.
    I’d like t᧐ start a blog ѕo I caan easily share my experience аnd views slot online gacor hari ini.

    Pⅼease let mе know iif you hɑve any suggestions оr tips ffor brand new aspiring blog owners.
    Аppreciate it!

  60. Simply wish to say your article is as surprising. The clearness in your post is simply spectacular and i can assume you are an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please keep up the gratifying work.

  65. Надеюсь, что эти дополнительные комментарии принесут ещё больше позитивных отзывов на информационную статью!

  71. Astonishing , what an insightful post! I really savored reading about your take on this subject .

    It’s definitely given me a copious amount to reflect on .

    I’d desire to hear more of your perspectives , if you’re
    agreeable to prolonging the discussion .

    Moreover, have you heard of MEGA888 ? It’s an awesome virtual gaming network with piles
    of captivating possibilities . I’ve experienced there and the journey has been great .
    Assuming that you’re looking for a fresh way to enjoy some entertainment
    and conceivably win , I’d highly suggest
    examining it further. Let me notify if you’re
    keen and I can offer more specifics !

    Feel free to surf to my page :: online casino community engagement

  72. Great content on the expansion of online gaming.
    As a person who is deeply interested in this space, I value the
    comprehensive analysis you presented.

    If individuals looking searching for a alternative platform to experience,
    I’ve discovered BetCryptoCasino.net. It features a vast array of casino offerings and sports wagering options, all powered by
    digital currencies for fast and reliable payments.

    Please check it out and assess if it matches your gaming preferences.
    Cheers!

    My blog Ethereum casino (securityholes.science)

  73. Does your blog have a contact ρage? І’m һaving a tough tіme locating іt bսt,
    Ι’d like too shoot yоu an email. Ι’ve gоt some creative ideas fоr your blog you mіght be
    interested in hearing. Eitһеr ԝay, ɡreat site
    andd Ӏ ⅼοok forward tо seeing it grow over time.

    Feel free to surf tօ mʏ web pagе … togel yang keluar hari ini

  75. With havin sso muc ԝritten content doo уou еvеr run іnto any problｅms of plagoriosm օr ϲopyright violation? Ⅿy
    site hаѕ a lott of exclusive ϲontent
    I’ѵe eіther authored mʏself ⲟr outsourced bսt іt seemѕ а lot ߋf іt is popping it up аll ovеr the internet withut my permission. Do yoս kniw any techniques to help prevent сontent from being stolen? І’d trujly appｒeciate
    it.

    Feel free tо surf tо mmy web pɑɡe :: situs toto

  78. Do you have a spam problem on this site; I also am a blogger, and I was wondering your
    situation; many of us have created some nice methods and we are
    looking to swap strategies with others, why
    not shoot me an e-mail if interested.

  79. You made some good points there. I looked on the internet
    for more info about the issue and found most people will go along with your
    views on this website.

  81. Hi there! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before but after
    reading through some of the post I realized it’s new to me.
    Anyways, I’m definitely glad I found it and I’ll be book-marking
    and checking back often!

  85. Do you mind if I quote a few of your posts as long
    as I provide credit and sources back to your site?

    My website is in the very same niche as yours and my users would certainly benefit
    from some of the information you provide here. Please let me know if
    this alright with you. Appreciate it!

  86. Fantastic items from you, man. I’ve take into
    account your stuff prior to and you are just too magnificent.
    I actually like what you’ve got right here, really like what you are
    saying and the best way through which you assert
    it. You make it enjoyable and you continue to take care of to
    keep it smart. I can’t wait to learn far more from you. This is really a
    terrific site.

  88. This design is incredible! You certainly know how to keep
    a reader amused. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog
    (well, almost…HaHa!) Great job. I really loved what you had
    to say, and more than that, how you presented it.
    Too cool!

  89. This is a really good tip especially to those fresh to the blogosphere.

    Short but very precise information… Appreciate your sharing this one.
    A must read article!

  90. An impressive share! I have just forwarded this onto
    a colleague who had been conducting a little research
    on this. And he actually ordered me dinner because I found it for
    him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thanks for the meal!!
    But yeah, thanx for spending the time to talk about this matter here
    on your web site.

  93. Way cool! Some very valid points! I appreciate you writing this
    article and also the rest of the site is also
    very good.

  94. I’m not sure why but this website is loading very slow for me.
    Is anyone else having this issue or is it a issue on my end?
    I’ll check back later and see if the problem
    still exists.

  95. I am extremely impressed along with your writing talents and also with the format for your blog.
    Is this a paid subject matter or did you modify it yourself?
    Anyway stay up the excellent high quality writing, it’s rare to peer a nice weblog like this one nowadays..

  96. Wonderful blog! I found it while surfing around on Yahoo News.

    Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
    I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
    Cheers

  97. Howdy would you mind letting me know which webhost you’re utilizing?
    I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different web browsers and I must say
    this blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you suggest a good internet hosting provider at a reasonable price?

    Thanks a lot, I appreciate it!

  98. Do you mind if I quote a couple of your articles as long as I provide credit and
    sources back to your weblog? My blog is in the very same niche as yours and my users
    would truly benefit from some of the information you present here.

    Please let me know if this ok with you. Thank you!

  99. Hello, I am your admin. I would be very happy if you publish this article.

  101. Cordial greetings , peer reader . I came across your
    profound observations on the blog submission extremely astute
    .

    Your position on the matter is significantly commendable .

    As you come across to carry a passionate fascination in the content , I desire to
    extend an appeal for you to immerse yourself in the realm of ‘918KISS’.

    The channel provides a abundant portfolio of captivating information that cater to people with varied hobbies .

    I believe you could find the society at ‘918KISS’ to be simultaneously meaningful and academically riveting .

    I advise you to reflect on joining us and offering
    your priceless understandings to the uninterrupted debates .
    Excited for perhaps accepting you into our network.

    My webpage; online casino withdrawal times

  102. Wonderful site you have here but I was wanting to know if you knew
    of any discussion boards that cover the same topics discussed in this article?
    I’d really like to be a part of group where I can get opinions from other
    experienced individuals that share the same interest.

    If you have any recommendations, please let me know.

    Many thanks!

  103. Hey there! I’m at work surfing around your blog from my new
    iphone 4! Just wanted to say I love reading your blog and
    look forward to all your posts! Carry on the outstanding work!

  104. Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more
    than just your articles? I mean, what you say
    is fundamental and all. But just imagine if you added some great images or video clips to give
    your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with pics and videos, this website could definitely be one of the most beneficial in its field.
    Very good blog!

  106. Have you ever thought about creating an e-book or guest authoring on other sites?
    I have a blog based on the same subjects you discuss and would love to have you share some stories/information. I
    know my visitors would appreciate your work. If you’re even remotely interested, feel
    free to shoot me an e-mail.

    Here is my homepage Buy Wegovy from Canada

  108. Howdy, i read your blog from time to time and i own a
    similar one and i was just wondering if you get a lot of spam
    responses? If so how do you stop it, any plugin or anything you
    can suggest? I get so much lately it’s driving me
    mad so any help is very much appreciated.

  109. Have you ever thought about adding a little bit more than just your articles?
    I mean, what you say is important and everything.

    But just imagine if you added some great photos or videos to give your posts more, “pop”!
    Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this site could undeniably be one of
    the best in its field. Superb blog!

  110. Excellent post however I was wondering if you could write a
    litte more on this subject? I’d be very thankful if you could elaborate a little bit more.
    Many thanks!

  111. Hello would you mind letting me know which webhost you’re working with? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different web browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you recommend a good internet hosting provider at a reasonable price? Many thanks, I appreciate it!

  123. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту сотовых телефонов, смартфонов и мобильных устройств.
    Мы предлагаем: сервисный центр телефонов
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  129. Have you ever considered creating an e-book or guest authoring on other
    websites? I have a blog based on the same information you discuss and
    would love to have you share some stories/information. I know my
    readers would value your work. If you are even remotely interested,
    feel free to shoot me an e mail.

    my web page SEO Services Philippines

  138. Hello, i read your blog occasionally and i own a similar one and i was
    just wondering if you get a lot of spam responses?

    If so how do you stop it, any plugin or anything you can suggest?
    I get so much lately it’s driving me crazy
    so any assistance is very much appreciated.

  142. Hi there i am kavin, its my first time to commenting anyplace, when i read this piece of writing i thought i could also make comment due to this brilliant post.

  150. I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here.
    The sketch is tasteful, your authored subject matter stylish.
    nonetheless, you command get bought an edginess over that you wish be delivering the following.

    unwell unquestionably come further formerly again since exactly the
    same nearly very often inside case you shield this increase.

  152. I got this site from my pal who told me on the topic of this
    web page and at the moment this time I am browsing
    this web site and reading very informative articles or
    reviews here.

  153. Hi there! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was wondering which
    blog platform are you using for this website? I’m getting fed up of
    Wordpress because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for
    another platform. I would be great if you could point
    me in the direction of a good platform.

  154. Today, I went to the beachfront with my children. I found a
    sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She placed the shell to her ear and screamed.
    There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
    She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is totally off topic but I
    had to tell someone!

  157. Does your blog have a contact page? I’m having a tough time locating it but, I’d like to
    shoot you an email. I’ve got some suggestions for your blog
    you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great blog and I
    look forward to seeing it grow over time.

  160. I do not even understand how I stopped up right here, but I believed
    this publish was once great. I do not understand who you’re but definitely you are going to a famous blogger for those who
    aren’t already. Cheers!

  166. Hmm is anyone else having problems with the images on this blog loading?
    I’m trying to determine if its a problem on my end or if it’s the blog.

    Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

  167. Hmm it appears like your website ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I had written and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your
    blog. I too am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to everything.

    Do you have any tips for newbie blog writers? I’d certainly appreciate it.

  172. Excellent beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your web site, how could i subscribe
    for a blog web site? The account helped me a acceptable deal.
    I had been a little bit acquainted of this your broadcast
    provided bright clear concept

  174. I blog often and I seriously thank you for your content.
    This great article has truly peaked my interest. I’m going
    to book mark your site and keep checking for new details about once a week.
    I opted in for your Feed as well.

  175. Hi! I’m at work surfing around your blog from my new iphone 3gs!
    Just wanted to say I love reading your blog and look forward to all your posts!
    Keep up the great work!

  176. Hello! I’ve been following your blog for some time now and
    finally got the bravery to go ahead and give you a shout
    out from Dallas Tx! Just wanted to say keep up the good work!

  179. A motivating discussion is worth comment. I do believe that you ought to publish more about this subject, it
    might not be a taboo subject but usually folks don’t talk about these topics.
    To the next! Best wishes!!

  185. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту холодильников и морозильных камер.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт холодильников с выездом
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  195. Автор статьи предоставляет разнообразные источники и мнения экспертов, не принимая определенную позицию.

  198. І’m ｒeally loving tһe theme/design οf your blog. Do you evwr run into
    any web browser compatibility ⲣroblems? A numЬer of my blog visitors
    һave complained аbout myy site not wߋrking correctly іn Explorer
    Ƅut looks greаt in Opera. Do yyou һave anny ideas to helр fixx
    thiѕ pr᧐blem?

    Feeel free to surf tto my site: slot paling gacor

  204. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту радиоуправляемых устройства – квадрокоптеры, дроны, беспилостники в том числе Apple iPad.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт квадрокоптеров в москве на карте
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  206. You can certainly see your expertise within the work you write.

    The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as
    you who aren’t afraid to say how they believe. At
    all times go after your heart.

  207. Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems
    as though you relied on the video to make your point. You clearly know what youre
    talking about, why throw away your intelligence on just posting videos to your
    site when you could be giving us something informative to read?

  214. Fantastic site you have here but I was curious about if you knew of any user
    discussion forums that cover the same topics discussed here?
    I’d really like to be a part of group where
    I can get feedback from other experienced
    individuals that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know.
    Cheers!

  215. We are a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community.
    Your site provided us with valuable info to work on. You have done a formidable job and our whole
    community will be grateful to you.

  216. Unquestionably believe that that you stated. Your favorite reason appeared to be at
    the web the easiest thing to take note of. I say to
    you, I certainly get irked at the same time as other people think about issues that they just don’t realize about.
    You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also outlined
    out the entire thing with no need side effect , other folks can take a signal.
    Will likely be back to get more. Thank you

  217. After looking into a few of the blog posts on your web site, I truly like your technique of blogging.

    I saved as a favorite it to my bookmark website
    list and will be checking back in the near future.
    Take a look at my web site too and tell me your opinion.

  220. It is really a great and useful piece of information. I’m satisfied that you simply shared
    this helpful information with us. Please keep us up to date like this.

    Thank you for sharing.

  224. Your style is unique in comparison to other folks I have read stuff from.

    I appreciate you for posting when you have the opportunity,
    Guess I’ll just bookmark this web site.

  225. certainly like your web site however you need to take a look at the spelling on quite a few of your posts. Several of them are rife with spelling issues and I find it very troublesome to tell the reality then again I will definitely come again again.

  226. May I simply say what a comfort to discover a person that actually understands what they’re discussing on the internet.
    You certainly know how to bring an issue to light and make
    it important. More people have to look at this and understand this side of the story.
    I can’t believe you are not more popular because you certainly possess the
    gift.

  229. Have you ever thought about adding a little bit more than just your articles?

    I mean, what you say is fundamental and all. But think about
    if you added some great pictures or videos to give your posts more,
    “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and video clips,
    this site could undeniably be one of the very best in its field.
    Awesome blog!

  230. Thank you, I have recently been searching for information approximately this topic for a long time and yours is the best I’ve found out so far.

    However, what about the conclusion? Are you certain in regards to the supply?

  234. magnificent issues altogether, you just won a new reader.

    What would you suggest about your submit that you made a few
    days ago? Any sure?

  238. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту ноутбуков и компьютеров.дронов.
    Мы предлагаем:сервисный центр по ремонту ноутбуков в москве
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  246. Caesars Becomes NFL’s First-Ever Official Casino Sponsor “Caesars makes history as the NFL’s first official casino sponsor, marking a new era in sports betting.
    COVID disruptions continue to bite at Scientific Games

    <a href=https://www.kriminacht.de/sendenmail.asp?func=2&vorname=MimonmikagoreVB&name=Mimonmikagore&betreff=Do%20I%20need%20to%20pay%20attention%20to%20casino%20and%20developer%20awards?%0D%0A&nachricht=AGA%20Praises%20Congress%20as%20Nevada%20Issues%20Green-Light%20to%20Esports%20Wagers%20„The%20American%20Gaming%20Association%20(AGA)%20commends%20Congress%20while%20Nevada%20pioneers%20the%20legal%20esports%20betting%20scene.%20%0D%0AConscious%20Gaming%20appoints%20members%20to%20newly%20created%20advisory%20board%0D%0A%20%0D%0AAGA%20praises%20congress%20as%20Nevada%20issues%20green-light%20to%20esports%20wagers%20d18373e%20&mail=andreysimonov146@gmail.com&fehler=%20Sicherheitscode%20ist%20FALSCHEinverstдndnis%20fehlt>Do I need to pay attention to casino and developer awards? de70552

  250. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту источников бесперебойного питания.
    Мы предлагаем: сервис центр ибп
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  253. Автор статьи представляет разнообразные точки зрения и аргументы, оставляя решение оценки информации читателям.

  254. I stumbled upon your blog post by accident, and I’m so glad I did! It’s rare to find such high-quality content online these days.

  258. Автор статьи представляет информацию, подкрепленную различными источниками, что способствует достоверности представленных фактов. Это сообщение отправлено с сайта https://ru.gototop.ee/

  263. Thank you for some other informative web site. Where else may I get that kind of information written in such a perfect means? I’ve a undertaking that I’m simply now running on, and I have been at the glance out for such information.

  266. Мне понравилось разнообразие источников, использованных автором для подкрепления своих утверждений.

  267. Oh my goodness! Incredible article dude! Thank you, However I am going through issues with your RSS.

    I don’t understand why I can’t subscribe to it. Is
    there anyone else getting similar RSS problems? Anyone who knows the solution can you kindly respond?

    Thanks!!

  272. I think that is among the such a lot vital info for
    me. And i’m glad reading your article. However wanna observation on some basic things,
    The web site taste is great, the articles is truly nice : D.
    Excellent job, cheers

  276. Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News.
    Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
    I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem
    to get there! Appreciate it

  280. Hey there would you mind letting me know which hosting company you’re using?
    I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different browsers and I must say this blog
    loads a lot faster then most. Can you recommend a good
    internet hosting provider at a reasonable price? Thank you, I appreciate it!

  282. Attractive section of content. I just stumbled upon your website and in accession capital to assert
    that I acquire in fact enjoyed account your blog posts.
    Anyway I’ll be subscribing to your feeds and even I achievement you access consistently quickly.

  283. Greate pieces. Keep writing such kind of info on your
    site. Im really impressed by your site.
    Hi there, You have performed a great job.
    I’ll certainly digg it and in my opinion suggest
    to my friends. I am confident they’ll be benefited from this site.

  286. Do you mind if I quote a couple of your posts
    as long as I provide credit and sources back to your webpage?
    My website is in the exact same area of interest as yours and my visitors
    would definitely benefit from a lot of the information you present here.
    Please let me know if this ok with you. Thank you!

  289. Hi there, i read your blog occasionally and i own a similar one and i
    was just curious if you get a lot of spam remarks?
    If so how do you reduce it, any plugin or anything you can advise?
    I get so much lately it’s driving me crazy so any support is very
    much appreciated.

  291. Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News. Do you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
    I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
    Cheers

  296. We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme
    in our community. Your site offered us with valuable info to work on. You have done
    a formidable job and our entire community will be grateful to
    you.

  297. Heya i am for the first time here. I found this board and I find It really useful & it helped me out
    a lot. I hope to give something back and help others like you aided me.

  298. Howdy! This blog post couldn’t be written much better!

    Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate!
    He always kept preaching about this. I am going to send this information to him.
    Fairly certain he will have a very good read.
    I appreciate you for sharing!

  303. Oh my goodness! Incredible article dude! Thank you so
    much, However I am experiencing problems with your RSS. I don’t know the reason why I
    can’t join it. Is there anybody having similar RSS problems?
    Anyone who knows the solution can you kindly respond?
    Thanks!!

  304. We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community.
    Your site offered us with valuable information to work on. You’ve done a formidable job and our whole community will be thankful to you.

  306. I used to be suggested this website by means of my cousin. I am now not positive whether or not this publish is written via him as no
    one else recognise such specific about my problem.
    You’re incredible! Thanks!

  307. Hi! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site?
    I’m getting fed up of WordPress because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m
    looking at options for another platform. I would be
    awesome if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.

  308. I have been browsing online more than three hours
    today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours.
    It’s pretty worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all webmasters and
    bloggers made good content as you did, the net will be a lot
    more useful than ever before.

  310. Great blog here! Also your website loads up fast!
    What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host?
    I wish my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol

  311. I just could not leave your website prior to suggesting that I
    actually loved the usual information an individual supply in your
    visitors? Is going to be again frequently in order to check out new posts

  312. I have to thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this blog.
    I’m hoping to view the same high-grade content from you in the future
    as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has motivated me to get my own,
    personal website now 😉

  314. Hello just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your article seem to be
    running off the screen in Chrome. I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with internet browser compatibility but
    I thought I’d post to let you know. The design look great though!
    Hope you get the issue resolved soon. Kudos

  319. Pretty nice post. I just stumbled uρon yoսr weblog and wished tto saү tһat I have truly enjoye
    bbrowsing your blog posts. After ɑll I ԝill bbe subscribing t᧐
    your feed аnd I hope уou write again ѕoon!

    Review my webpge :: toto 4d

  321. Hello – I must say, I’m impressed with your site. I had no trouble navigating through all the tabs and information was very easy to access. I found what I wanted in no time at all. Pretty awesome. Would appreciate it if you add forums or something, it would be a perfect way for your clients to interact. Great job

  323. Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging on blogs I stumbleupon on a daily basis.
    It will always be exciting to read through articles from other authors and practice something from other websites.

  327. Helⅼo there! Τhis pst ｃould not bee writtsn аny
    better! Reading thіs post reminds me оf mｙ рrevious гoom mate!
    Hе aⅼᴡays keрt talking about thіs. I wіll forward this ρage tօ him.
    Fairly cеrtain hе will have a g᧐od rеad. Thank you for sharing!

    Review mу site discuss

  331. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту варочных панелей и индукционных плит.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт варочных панелей с гарантией
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  340. Hey there wоuld yߋu mind sharing ԝhich blog platform үou’rе using?
    I’m ggoing to start my oown blog іn the near future
    ƅut I’m aving ɑ hard time choosing betѡeen BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution ɑnd Drupal.
    Тһe reason I ask is Ьecause youｒ design and style seems ԁifferent thedn mоѕt blogs and Ӏ’m
    looҝing foｒ sⲟmething completrly unique.

    P.S Sоrry for getting off-topic ƅut І had to ask!

    Feeel free to surf to my web рage Slot Gacor

  344. Статья предоставляет факты и аналитические материалы без явных предпочтений.

  350. Я чувствую, что эта статья является настоящим источником вдохновения. Она предлагает новые идеи и вызывает желание узнать больше. Большое спасибо автору за его творческий и информативный подход!

  352. Hello, I think your website could be having internet browser compatibility problems.
    Whenever I take a look at your site in Safari, it looks fine however, if opening in IE, it’s
    got some overlapping issues. I just wanted to give you a quick
    heads up! Apart from that, great website!

  353. I have learn several good stuff here. Certainly worth bookmarking for
    revisiting. I wonder how a lot effort you put to make this type of wonderful informative web site.

  357. Hi, i feel that i noticed you visited my website thus i got here to return the prefer?.I’m attempting
    to in finding things to enhance my website!I assume its adequate to use a few of your ideas!!

  358. I used to be suggested this website by means of my cousin. I’m now
    not sure whether or not this put up is written via him as nobody else understand such precise approximately my problem.

    You’re wonderful! Thanks!

  360. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту фото техники от зеркальных до цифровых фотоаппаратов.
    Мы предлагаем: ремонт фотоаппаратов
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  361. Useful info. Fortunate me I discovered your website by chance, and I’m stunned why this coincidence did not took place earlier!
    I bookmarked it.

  362. I’m really enjoying the theme/design of your website.
    Do you ever run into any browser compatibility
    problems? A small number of my blog audience have complained about my blog not working correctly
    in Explorer but looks great in Firefox. Do you have any advice to help fix this problem?

  363. After checking out a number of the blog posts on your web site,
    I seriously like your way of blogging. I book-marked it to my bookmark
    webpage list and will be checking back in the near future.
    Take a look at my website as well and tell me your opinion.

  365. I will immediately grasp your rss feed as I can’t to find your e-mail subscription link or e-newsletter service.

    Do you have any? Kindly let me realize so that I could subscribe.
    Thanks.

  366. Hi there I am so grateful I found your web site, I really
    found you by mistake, while I was researching on Google for something
    else, Anyways I am here now and would just like to say kudos for a
    remarkable post and a all round thrilling blog (I also
    love the theme/design), I don’t have time to read through it all at the minute but I have book-marked it and
    also included your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will
    be back to read a great deal more, Please do keep up
    the excellent work.

  367. Your style is very unique in comparison to other folks I’ve read
    stuff from. Thanks for posting when you’ve got the opportunity, Guess I’ll just bookmark this web site.

  368. Wonderful goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff
    previous to and you are just too great. I actually like what you have acquired
    here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you
    say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it smart.
    I cant wait to read far more from you. This is really
    a tremendous web site.

  370. We are a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community.
    Your site offered us with valuable information to work on. You have done an impressive job and our entire community will be grateful to you.

  373. Howdy! І know thhis is kіnd of off-topic howevеr І needed to aѕk.
    Does building a wеll-established blog ⅼike yoսrs require a ⅼot of ᴡork?

    I’m brand neѡ to writing a blog ƅut I doo ѡrite
    in my diary on ɑ daily basis. Ι’d ike to start a blog soo
    І can easily share mʏ experience and feelings online. Ꮲlease let me кnoѡ if you haᴠe any kind of ideas or tips foг new
    aspiring bloggers. Thankyou!

    Check out mу homеpaցe; situs toto

  378. I tһink thjis is amօng tһe most mportant info foг me.

    Αnd i аm glad resding yur article. Βut shoᥙld remark oon ѕome general things, The webb site style іs wonderful, the articles iѕ гeally ɡreat : D.
    Good job, cheers

    Herre iѕ my website; SajiToto Login Link

  387. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту бытовой техники с выездом на дом.
    Мы предлагаем:сервис центры бытовой техники новосибирск
    Наши мастера оперативно устранят неисправности вашего устройства в сервисе или с выездом на дом!

  391. Heya! I realize this is kind of off-topic but I needed to ask.
    Does building a well-established blog such as yours
    take a lot of work? I’m brand new to blogging but I
    do write in my diary on a daily basis. I’d like to start a
    blog so I can share my own experience and feelings online.
    Please let me know if you have any recommendations or tips for new aspiring blog owners.
    Appreciate it!

  393. naturally like your web-site however you have to take a
    look at the spelling on several of your posts.

    A number of them are rife with spelling problems and
    I in finding it very troublesome to tell the truth nevertheless I will certainly come again again.

  399. I’mno longeг ѕure wһere you aгe getting your info,
    Ƅut great topic. I must spoend a wwhile studying mօre oｒ
    undertanding more. Thаnks for fantastic info Ι ᴡaѕ inn search оf this information fօr my mission.

    Herе is my һomepage – Slot Gacor

  400. Hi, i feel that i saw you visited my weblog thus i got
    here to go back the choose?.I’m trying to find issues to improve my
    site!I suppose its ok to use a few of your concepts!!

  401. Автор предоставляет разнообразные источники для более глубокого изучения темы.

  402. Автор предлагает практические рекомендации, которые могут быть полезны в реальной жизни для решения проблемы.

  403. Every weekend i used to go to see this website, for the reason that i
    want enjoyment, since this this site conations in fact fastidious funny information too.

    Look into my page :: ngewek

  405. Fantastic Post Feedback
    Impressive , what a compelling entry! I sincerely savored reading
    your viewpoints on this topic .
    As an individual who has been observing your
    online presence for a stretch, I ought to communicate that this is alongside your best
    skillfully composed and engaging works thus far .

    The manner you wove multiple lenses and research findings was really phenomenal.
    I discovered myself agreeing as I consumed since your assertions
    merely seemed to unfold remarkably seamlessly .

    Also visit my website; bk8 malaysia

  409. Hello there! This post couldn’t be written much better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He constantly kept talking about this. I’ll forward this post to him. Pretty sure he’s going to have a very good read. Many thanks for sharing!

  410. Автор предоставляет разнообразные источники для более глубокого изучения темы.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *